The Report Crisis Of Democracy - 1295 Words

The report: â€Å"Crisis of Democracy: Report on the Governability of Democracy to the Trilateral Commission† by Crozier, Huntington and Watanuki is not a crisis theory in the classical sense. Far below the level of abstraction of Habermas’s â€Å"theories of legitimation,† the three authors of the report do not begin with theoretical considerations or normative explanations, but with a question: â€Å"Is political democracy, as it exists today, a viable form of government?† (Crozier et al. 1975: 2). The answer can be boiled down to the following lines: As a result of rapid growth of social complexity, proliferation of pluralist private interests, erosion of traditional values, and in particular increasing demands of citizens democratic governments are losing their ability to formulate the common good or to effectively implement and enforce their policies. â€Å"The system becomes one of anomic democracy, in which democratic politics becomes more an arena for the assertion of conflicting interests than a process for the building of common purposes† (ibid: 161). Democratic governments P a g e | 6 lose the ability to govern and face a bleak future. The authors of the Trilateral Report, see four frontal attacks on the continued existence of effective governance and thus to democracy itself: 1. Delegitimation of political authority The relentless pursuit of equality and individualism leads to a loss of public confidence in the authority of political leadership. But a trusted political leadership isShow MoreRelatedThe State Of Democracy Around The World1721 Words   |  7 Pagesthe true nature of the worlds democratic state. This report will investigate and analyse the state of democracy around the various countries of the world and elaborate on the chosen countries democratic crisis and state of governance. Originating from the Greek terms demos, meaning ‘people’ and kratos, meaning ‘rule,’ democracy essentially means to ‘rule by the people’ (Hague and Harrop, 2013, p. 43). One could argue however, that democracy is considerably more than just a form of governance.Read MoreLeaving Mexico To Fin For Its Self Even With All The Debt1373 Words   |  6 Pagesrestructure the economy and lessen the impact of the currency crisis among the more disadvantaged sectors of the economy (CRS Report 2010). The United States and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) assisted the Mexican government by putting together an emergency financial support package of up to $50 billion. Mexico adopted tight monetary and fiscal policies to reduce inflation and absorb some of the costs of the banking sector crisis (NAFTA: Ten Years After, 2017) The austerity plan also includedRead MoreEssay875 Words   |  4 PagesFreedom House, an organization that promotes the development of freedom and democracy globally, is especially concerned with Turkey’s future as a nation and believes there are threats to civil liberties in this nation. This institute rates countries based on its freedom status – and in its most recent report, Freedom House considered Turkey as partly free and experiencing declines. Between its annual reports, Turkey’s â€Å"political rights rating declined from 3 to 4 [and] its civil liberties ratingRead MoreII-The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster The year following the triple disaster of Fukushima was900 Words   |  4 Pagesfirst-hand information or the expertise that they should have had. Of all the actors who were involved in the management of the nuclear crisis, the government was probably the least at fault. All of the institutions responsible for the supervision of nuclear activities were aware that safety standards had been neglected in the Fukushima Daiichi plant. The various reports since have also highlighted the failure of the monitoring system. Another government, whether Japanese or foreign, would probably notRead MoreEssay on Hungary Economic Crisis1672 Words   |  7 PagesPOLYTECHNIC OF NAMIBIA HAROLD PUPKEWITZ GRADUATE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS Case Report: Hungary Economic Crisis and a Shift to the Right Angula DiCaprio Business Economic Analysis (BEA910M) 6 August 2012 Contents Executive Summary 3 Problem Identification and Analysis 3 Floating of the Currency (Forint) 3 A shift to the Right 3 Feud with the IMF 4 Crisis Taxes 4 Renationalisation of Pensions 4 Governance 5 Monetary Policy and CentralRead MoreThe Beginning Of The Cold War1718 Words   |  7 Pagescontinues to be an ideological standoff between the ideas of Russian Communism and American Democracy and Capitalism. According to Webster’s dictionary, â€Å"Communism is a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs†. Webster’s dictionary also describes Democracy a â€Å"form of government in which a system of government by the whole population or all theRead MoreThe On The Hobby Lobby Ruling1040 Words   |  5 PagesT.V. and radio news stations report current events about the U.S. government almost daily, but how do these stories relate to the major government concepts in the United States? Government is the leaders of the United States who make decisions for our country. Politics is present in the way politicia ns act to get elected and in what the policymakers choose to work on. Democracy is the process we in the United States use to elect leaders who represent us. Contemporary democratic theories are presentRead MoreJfk and the Cold War1106 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War (1945-1991) was basically an ideological standoff between the ideas of Communism supported by the Russians and Democracy/Capitalism supported by the Americans. Communism is a political ideology which has the central principle of  ¡Ã‚ §communal or communist ownership ¡Ã‚ ¨ of all property and therefore the abolition of private property. Democracy is a form of government in which the people vote, have a representative government and via these representatives  ¡Ã‚ §govern themselves ¡Ã‚ ¨. During the periodRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Argo 1119 Words   |  5 Pages Argo is a 2012 film directed by Ben Affleck that is based on the events of the Iranian hostage crisis of 1979-1981. The film uses variations fro m Tony Mendez’s novel The Master of Disguise, who was a U.S. CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) operative, and as well as the 2007 magazine article from Wired by Joshuah Bearman. The movie follows the events that led up to the Iranian hostage crisis where on November 4th, 1979 more than sixty Americans were taken hostage in the United State Embassy in TehranRead MoreWhy Inequality Matters, For Non Economists1672 Words   |  7 Pagesspecific concerns and employing specific mechanisms. In this section, I summarize Piketty’s arguments and attempt to strengthen the political rationale he offers for a global tax on capital; specifically I attempt to extrapolate the role of wealth in democracy and its effect on transparency. In the next section, I will offer a critique of Piketty’s argument for a global tax on capital, especially his failure to consider the legal and political maneuvering such a tax would require. Piketty makes his point

John F Kennedy And Richard Nixon - 1612 Words

In our nation, the power of Democracy is our greatest power. The job as a citizen is to elect representatives to keep in contact with our personal liberties and create equal power in governing for all. During the 1960 election, John F Kennedy and Richard Nixon created what is known as the First modern campaign. In the book, â€Å"The First Modern Campaign†, by Gary A. Donaldson, he discusses some of the struggles Kennedy had to go through in order to come out on top. The fact that Kennedy was not a liberal made it very hard at first to win over any votes. In the Textbook, â€Å"American Government, Roots and Reform†, it stated that a liberal is, one who favors greater government intervention, particularly in economic affairs and in the provision of social services. In previous history, Kennedy, has completely gone against the liberals and has supported communist activities. Kennedy knew, however, that he would not win the election without the support of the liberals. (3 9) Kennedy tried many ways to appeal to the people of the united states, however, his competitors seemed to always have an upper hand. Until Humphrey came along during the primaries and Kennedy could portray himself as the underdog. Humphrey never had a lot of votes, but as time went by the money for his campaign lessened and he later described it as, â€Å"money for a campaign is as basic as gasoline for a motor, if you run out, the vehicle stops.† (49) While touring Wisconsin during the primaries Kennedy’s religion cameShow MoreRelatedThe Presidential Debates Between John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon1524 Words   |  7 PagesThe Presidential Debates Between John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon In the Presidential Election of 1960 John Fitzgerald Kennedy and Richard Milhouse Nixon were in a series of debates that were different from past debates. The three biggest national television networks arranged for the debate to be televised on all three stations. The Democratic candidate, Senator Kennedy from Massachusetts, and Vice President Nixon both agreed on the televised debates. Each debate was given a subjectRead More1960 Presidential Election: Richard Nixon vs. John F Kennedy2667 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿President Election 1960: Richard Nixon v. John F. Kennedy The 1960 Presidential Election was historic in its new approaches to media and televisions ability to capture the future leader of America live for the first time. Previous presidents had been listened to via radio, and seen in retrospect in movie theaters, particularly during World War II, but 1960 was the first time the majority of Americans were able to watch their future President debate his opponent and feel the immediate reactionsRead MoreThe First Televised Debate Between Richard Nixon And John F Kennedy936 Words   |  4 Pagesevent that kicked off the 1960s was the first televised Presidential Debate between Richard Nixon and John F Kennedy. This debate changed the way the American populous approached politics because it allowed anyone with a television to have a front row seat to the debate. Furthermore, when individuals listened on the radio, the thought that Nixon had better answers, but when citizens saw how composed John F Kennedy was, they believed that he had one. Also, the event that closed the 1960s was theRead MoreEssay on The Watergate Scandal1270 Words   |  6 Pagespresident Richard Nixon re election campaign, and they were caught trying to wiretap the phones. The robbers who tried to wiretap the phones were not successful. more robbers broke into the Watergate building with a new microphone, but a guard noticed that they broke the locks on the doors. The guard called the police as soon as possible, they showed up and caught the crooks red handed and took the to jail. it was not completely clear that the crooks were connected to the president Richard Nixon. ThereRead MoreBiography Of John F. Kennedy Essay1644 Words   |  7 Pagesboth candidates Republican Richard Nixon and Democrat John F. Kennedy. Nixon and Kennedy were polar- opposites when it came to politics and even their personalities were distinct. John F. Kennedy was young and charismatic whereas Nixon was more traditional with his ways of running his campaign. John F. Ke nnedy prevailed with his ability to manipulate the press and use his money in ways other candidates have never been able to do before. Born to Joe and Rose Kennedy, John was one of four sons thatRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy: A Legacy Never Forgotten1377 Words   |  6 Pages Forgive your enemies, but never forget their names(Brainy Quotes). John F Kennedy said this during one of his speeches, and ironically no one will ever forget the name of the person who murdered him, Lee Harvey Oswald, an enemy of the American Public. When Kennedy ran for office, he had to seem like the more experienced candidate and appeal to all of the people. During his speeches, Kennedy engaged his audiences and they hung on his every word. However, the tragic event of his assassinationRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy s Accomplishments Essay1532 Words   |  7 PagesIn the end, John F. Kennedy, the Democratic nominee, had only been elected by a one-tenth of a percent margin against his Republican party opponent, Richard M. Nixon. John F. Kennedy had made specific decisions as the Democratic candidate that helped him leap to victory. Specifically, JFK’s performance during the first televised debate, decision to focus on key large states, Houston tape, and other decisions had overall led to him winning the election of 1960. On the other end, Nixon had made someRead MorePresidential Debate Over Presidential Debates947 Words   |  4 Pagesthrottle, Kennedy and Nixon’s presidential debates of 1960 are still very much a part of American democracy. Televised presidential debates have become a backbone in an American election. Although these debates are now considered a norm in American politics, this has not always the case. Even after the first time a presidential debate was held between presidential candidates from across the aisle, it took another 16 years for another debate to occur. It is highly doubtful that either Nixon or KennedyRead MoreDo Public Debates Help Or Hurt Candidate Success?868 Words   |  4 PagesSenator John F. Kennedy and Vice President Richard Nixon was about to partake on an adventure that was ordinary. On that night, one of the most legendary moments transpired. This moment increased the power of television and benefited e lectioneering since the political button on a shirt. The Nixon-Kennedy encounter had all interest, with the nation watching the first televised presidential debate. For a majority of the United States of America, it was their first presentation of John F. Kennedy. WhenRead MoreKennedy-Nixon Debate Analysis779 Words   |  4 PagesProfessor Fernando Ganivet SPC 3540 – Persuasion October 22, 2013 Kennedy-Nixon Debate Analysis There may be more truth to the old saying, â€Å"it’s not what you say but how you say it.† On average, 93 percent of meaning found in communication comes from nonverbal messages (Mehrabian 1967). Nonverbal communication is the wordless transmission of information through body language, gestures, tone, space and appearance. The first televised presidential debate is a pivotal example of how pervasive

Tourism and Hospitality Management Journal - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Tourism and Hospitality Management Journal. Answer: Introduction Listed as Europes largest low fare airline, Ryanair has established itself in the market especially because of the customers preference on availing low cost services from their airlines. Ryanair has been innovative and has earned huge profits by catering to the section of customers- the retired people, students and immigrants (Bridoux and Stoelhorst 2014). Here is a complete analysis of Ryanairs services. Macro Environment Analysis of Ryanair Socio Demographic Factors: The organizational strategy was aimed to reduce the excess expenses required for the operation of Ryanair. The HRM of Ryanair focuses on achieving the competitive advantage that would help the airline to sustain in the long run. Michael OLeary has introduced an authoritative style of leadership in the organizational culture which maintains a strict discipline amongst the staff members. The employees are trained in a manner so that their attitudes are attuned to provide the finest customer care service. Ryanair focuses on the elimination of frequent trade unions due to which they have faced a lot of conflicting situations from staff members. With the introduction of low fare in Ryanair, there has been a significant growth of passengers accounting to more than 4.4 millions in 2002. The management is in control of decision making process, work activities and task specialization. Technological Influences: Since Ryanair is a budget airline, it operates on low cost fuel utilizing jets. They have implemented advanced technological features in their aircraft like LCD screen which keeps the passengers glued and prefer them (Caputo and Borbely2016). They have also upgraded their other technological aspects like maintaining the webpage in place of hiring workers, so that the customers can see the availability of seats, book tickets virtually and avail information about the different services of Ryanair. Ryanair has revolutionized the technological sector by selecting Vodafone to deploy the 95pc of telecoms with 3G and 4G speed operating across the 189 locations in Europe and North Africa. This has created a secured connection with the credit card companies. Economic Influences: The fall of ticket prices and lesser number of people travelling by air has affected the business. Fall in customer income, increased marketing costs and inflation had also its impacts on Ryanair. Ryanair has to evaluate the plan of economic class and develop a flexible marketing strategy in order to incur profits.The low fuel fare can also lead to greater price competition by new companies (Creaton 2014). Environmental Influences: Ryanair has tried to implement noise reduction methods in order to avoid penalties that are being imposed for degrading environment. Ryanair should now take steps to lessen the carbon emission that is leading to global warming. Political, Governmental, Legal and Regulatory Influences: Ryanair has a significant portion of its operation in UK and the fluctuations in UK economy can affect Ryanair. The Brexit Refurendum can also affect Ryanair due to restrictions on freedom of movement between UK and EU (Kaufman 2015). Around 28% of revenue in fiscal 2016 came from UK. Any phrase of recession in UK due to Brexit can also affect the smooth operation of Ryanair. Irish tax increase and several other tax assessment and audits can risk Ryanair. In 2005 according to the rule, the passengers whose flights got cancelled / delayed for reasons like strikes, weather conditions and will be given accommodation and food apart from lodging. This was a blow to Ryanairs business profits (Jacob and Jakesova 2003). Micro Environment Analysis of Ryanair Bargaining power of suppliers: High as Ryanair invests huge on pilot training needs and purchasing of planes from Boeing and Airbus. Bargaining Power of Buyers: Bargaining power of buyers is high because of the customers face little difficulty whilst switching from one budget airline to the together. Ryanair can lose customer if a rival competitor decreases its fare. Ryanair has inadequate brand loyalty in this respect. Threat of Substitutes: Cost options like railway, video conferencing, car rental services and sea transports. It is due to this reason that Ryanair constantly introduces lower prices comparing the same with trains and services. Therefore, threat of substitutes is high for Ryanair (McCarthy 2015). Threat of New Entrants: Low, mainly due to capital requirements and limited access to distribution channel. Furthermore, the airline industry has significant number of entry barriers. Existing Competitive Rivalry: Easyjeyt is one of Ryanair competitive budget airline. Ryanair can expand the short-haul routes and work on the flight turnaround to hold a strong marketing position. SWOT Analysis of Ryanair Strengths Brand Recognition: It currently holds the reputation of being Europes biggest and most innovative budget airline brand Low Budget Fair: The low cost tickets enable Ryanair to build strong customer loyalty base (Dsseldorf 2016). High Publicity: This is mainly because of their famous CEO Michael OLeary. Easy Services: Ryanair offers customers easy ticket booking services over websites. The same is also helpful to extract information about the airline company. Size: it has a large network, operating across 30 countries and 186 airports. Weaknesses Customer dissatisfaction: mainly due to flight cancellation and schedule changes. Often times, passengers also complain about the food quality and the lack of premium services like British Airways. Seasonal Earnings: the earning reaches its peak during the summer in the northern hemisphere and suffers blows during the offset winter season stretching from October to March. Opportunities Innovative and Improved Customer service: Ryanair has tried hard to enhance the quality of services that they provide to the customers on board (Vasu, Stewart and Garson 2017). They have implemented a number of steps like a range of entertainment inside the flight, relaxed baggage restrictions and many. Efficient Fuel Consumption: Ryanair has made use of judicious measures to reduce fuel consumption as well as environmental damages. Threats Cheaper Alternative Transportations: For instance railways and skype can be threats for Ryanair and make it lose customers. Fuel Cost Fluctuations: mainly due to inflation which increases both the fuel and airplane process. Ryanair also incurred staff dissatisfaction during the recession and this made Ryanair suffer more losses. Conclusion Ryanair airlines have struggled to pace up but however with the implementation of the above strategies can surely maintain its position as one of the best budget airlines in Europe. Having a fine balance in between the services and fare can help Ryanair dominate in the airlines industry. Reference List: Bridoux, F. and Stoelhorst, J.W., 2014. Microfoundations for stakeholder theory: Managing stakeholders with heterogeneous motives. Strategic Management Journal, 35(1), pp.107-125. Caputo, A. and Borbely, A., 2016. The firms strategy and its negotiation capability: the Ryanair case. Creaton, S., 2014. Ryanair: How a small Irish airline conquered Europe. Aurum Press. Dsseldorf, I., 2016. Ryanair. SWOT Analysis of the Leading Low Fare Airline. Jacob, M. and Jakesova, Z., 2003. Emerging Tendencies in the European Airline Industry: an investigation of SAS and Ryanair. Kaufman, B.E., 2015. Market competition, HRM, and firm performance: The conventional paradigm critiqued and reformulated. Human Resource Management Review, 25(1), pp.107-125. McCarthy, C., 2015. Low Cost or LuxuryCan the low cost short haul airline model be transferred to long haul operations with specific reference to the case of Ryanair? (Doctoral dissertation, Dublin, National College of Ireland). Vasu, M.L., Stewart, D.W. and Garson, G.D. eds., 2017. Organizational Behavior and PublicManagement, Revised and Expanded.Routledge

Smoking Essay Example Essay Example

Smoking Essay Example Paper Smoking Essay Introduction Smoking Smoking Essay Body Paragraphs Smoking Introduction Many researchers (Naquin Gilbert, 1996; Siquera et al., 2001) have conducted studies aimed at identifying the effects of smoking on different populations. Siquera et al. (2001) noted that those who begin smoking in high school continue to smoke several years later, and they are unable to quit when they want. Among the research conducted is the relationship between smoking and perceived stress (Naquin Gilbert, 1996). Research conducted by Naquin and Gilbert concluded that smoking leads to increased stressed levels. Smoking among university students tends to be a relatively common thing in many universities, although not all the students smoke. This is mostly because of peer influence, and the feeling that smoking will enable them to cope with the pressure they face in school (Parrott Murphy, 2012). Some students also smoke because they feel that smoking helps them to relax (Siquera et al., 2001). Many smokers tend to experience feelings of relaxation and satisf action when they smoke, but they report feeling anxious and stressful when they are not smoking (Parrott Murphy, 2012). This has led them to believe that smoking helps them manage the stress they feel. Naquin M and Gilbert G (1996) conducted research aimed at identifying the smoking behavior of students and its effects on perceived stress. This study revealed that the students who smoked had higher levels of perceived stress compared to those who have never smoked (Naquin Gilbert, 1996). There is high nicotine dependence among students. Nicotine dependence has a big role in maintaining smoking among adolescents. The adolescents move from experimenting with smoking, to regular use, which in turn leads to addiction (Rojas et al., 1998). Only 5% of high school students think that they will continue smoking after five years, but more than 75% of them continue smoking. This shows the extent of nicotine dependence among students (Siquera et al., 2001). Men are most likely to smoke and u se other substances. However, there is minimal difference among men and women in the level of nicotine dependence (Okoli et al., 2012). This study aims to examine the stress levels and nicotine dependence in undergraduate students who smoke. It is hoped that the findings will show that cessation of smoking will help undergraduate students who smoke to deal with stress. Problem statement and hypothesis As noted, students who smoke do so for different reasons, and one of the reasons is that it helps them to cope with the challenges they face in college. The students believe that smoking helps them to reduce their stress levels. The research will aim to identify the different factors that contribute to stress levels among undergraduate students, and the methods that different students use to cope with these challenges. Three specific questions will be addressed in the study: to examine the differences in perceived stress between students who smoke, the ex-smokers, and those who have ne ver smoked to examine differences in nicotine dependence in students who smoke or are ex-smokers to examine for gender differences in nicotine dependence in students who smoke or are ex-smokers Materials Questionnaires The Perceived Stressed Scale questionnaire (PSS) This questionnaire measures the perception of stress on individuals. The questionnaire will offer information indicating what the participants find stressful in their lives. This questionnaire will provide information about the participant’s current feelings or thoughts. It will measure the extent of the students’ perceived stress, and whether this perception makes them more susceptible to smoking. All the participants will fill the questionnaire. The Fagerstorm nicotine dependence questionnaire This questionnaire will determine the level of nicotine dependence among the participants. It will determine how often the current smokers smoke and other smoking habits. It will be adjusted to capture responses fr om former smokers (Siquera et al., 2001). Demographic information, which includes gender, age, year of study, and the smoking habit of the participants, will be collected from the participants. The research will involve the use of three types of questionnaires, addressing the three groups. The questions will be structured in a way that reveals the students current smoking habits or lack thereof. The questionnaires will also identify the factors that contribute to the habit of smoking among the student population. Questionnaires targeted at the students who have never smoked will focus on how they cope with different challenges and pressure while they are in school. Methodology Design This research will be an unrelated design focusing on differences between groups according to smoking status. A one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) will be used to examine any differences between the three groups (IV) on perceived stress scores (DV). The three groups are the independent variables, and they include undergraduate students who have never smoked, current smokers, and former smokers. To examine nicotine dependence (DV), a two way ANOVA will be conducted. It will examine the differences between smokers and non-smokers (IV1), in addition to any effects of nicotine dependence on gender (IV2). The ANOVA test is useful in this case because it compares two or more variables. This research defines former smokers as the participants who have not smoked a cigarette for the last three months. A current smoker is a participant who is a habitual smoker or one who smokes occasionally. The third category is the participants who have never smoked a cigarette in their lives. Participants The sample (N=75) will consist of 75 undergraduate students from the University of West London, who will be recruited opportunistically. Twenty-five students in the sample will be students who have never smoked, another twenty-five will be former smokers, and the remaining twenty-five participants wi ll be current smokers. The students will receive an invitation to participate in the research from the school notice board and from the active social media in the school. This will include the use of blogs, and different social networking sites. The participants will be selected randomly from the different undergraduate students at the university, and participation will be on a voluntary basis. They will be selected from the students who respond to the invitation. This will ensure variety in the research. The research will ensure that the participants are at different levels in their undergraduate studies. The research will encourage both male and female students to take part in the research. In addition, it will include students of different ages and study disciplines. The research will ensure confidentiality of all the participants. Some participants may be concerned about revealing some information such as their age, or even the fact they smoke or they have ever smoked. The parti cipants will be informed of their right to privacy and confidentiality. They will sign a consent form, indicating their willingness to participate in the research. Procedure Students from the university of west London will be approached opportunistically and asked if they would be willing to participate in a research study and smoking ‘status’ will be ascertained prior to handing out questionnaires. The invitation will target undergraduate students from various disciplines. All the participant groups will receive and complete the Perceived Stress Scale Questionnaire. Current and ex-smokers will complete the Fagerstorm Nicotine Dependence questionnaire. Participation will be on voluntary basis and this will be explained to each student. The research will encourage both the male and the female students to take part. In addition, the research will include students of different ages, from different study disciplines, and in different year of study. It is hoped that a fairly equal number of students will be obtained in each group. The current and former smokers will each receive questionnaires, where they will answer questions regarding their previous and current smoking habits. The questions will include questions such as the time the students started smoking, the factors that compelled them to start smoking, how often they do it, when they smoke, when they stopped smoking or why they have not stopped smoking, and what they feel or they felt when they quit or when they do not smoke. In addition, the participants will fill out forty questionnaires of the Fagerstorm Nicotine Dependence and Nicotine Tolerance. They will fill the questions sometime after they taken a cigarette. The research will indicate whether my hypothesis has been accepted or rejected. The research results will indicate whether I have answered the research questions, which deal with smoking as a form of coping with stress. Analysis This is quantitative research. As highlighted above, unrelated ANOVA will be used to explore the aims of the study. A one way ANOVA will test for differences in PSS scores between current smokers, ex-smokers, and those who have never smoked. A two way ANOVA will test for differences between former smokers and smokers. It will also test for differences in male and female current and former smokers. It will test for these differences on FTND scores, and examine whether there is an interaction effect between the two. References Naquin, M. R., Gilbert, G. G. (1996). College students’ smoking behavior, perceived stress, and coping styles. Journal of Drug Education, 26 (4), 367-376 Okoli, C. T., Torcholla, I., Khara, M. (2012). Sex differences in nicotine dependence among addictions clients accessing a smoking cessation program in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Journal of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing 19 (9) 776-784 Parrott, C. A. Murphy, S. R. (2012). Explaining the stress inducing effects of nicotine to cigarette smoke rs. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental 27, 150-155 Rojas, L. N., Killen, D. J., Haydel, F. K., Robinson, N. T. (1998). Nicotine dependence among adolescent smokers. Archives of Pediatrics Adolescent Medicine. 152 (2), 151-156 Siquera, M. L., Rolnitzky, M. L., Rickert, I. V. (2001). Smoking cessation in adolescents: The role of nicotine dependence, stress, and coping methods. Archives of Pediatrics Adolescent Medicine. 155, 489-495 We will write a custom essay sample on Smoking Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Smoking Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Smoking Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Chili Peppers - An American Domestication Story

Chili Peppers - An American Domestication Story Chili pepper (Capsicum spp. L., and sometimes spelled chile or chilli) is a plant which was domesticated in the Americas at least 6,000 years ago. Its spicy goodness spread into cuisines throughout the world only after Christopher Columbus landed in the Caribbean and took it back with him to Europe. Peppers are widely considered the first spice to have been used by humans, and today there are at least 25 separate species in the family of American chili peppers and over 35 in the world. Domestication Events At least two, and perhaps as many as five separate domestication events are thought to have occurred. The most common type of chili today, and likely the earliest domesticated, is Capsicum annuum (the chili pepper), domesticated in Mexico or northern Central America at least 6,000 years ago from the wild bird pepper (C. annuum v. glabriusculum). Its prominence around the world is likely because it was the one that was introduced into Europe in the 16th century AD. The other forms which may have been independently created are C. chinense (yellow lantern chili, believed to have been domesticated in northern lowland Amazonia), C. pubescens (the tree pepper, in the mid-elevation southern Andes mountains) and C. baccatum (amarillo chili, lowland Bolivia). C. frutescens (piri piri or tabasco chili, from the Caribbean) may be a fifth, although some scholars suggest it is a variety of C. chinense. The Earliest Evidence of Domestication There are older archaeological sites which include domesticated chili pepper seeds, such as Guitarrero Cave in Peru and Ocampo Caves in Mexico, ranging in age from 7,000-9,000 years ago. But their stratigraphic contexts are somewhat unclear, and most scholars prefer to use the more conservative date of 6,000 or 6,100 years ago. A comprehensive examination of the genetic (similarities among the DNA from different types of chilies), paleo-biolinguistic (similar words for chili used in various indigenous languages), ecological (where modern chile plants are found) and archaeological evidence for chile pepper was reported in 2014. Kraft et al. argue that all four lines of evidence suggest that chili pepper was first domesticated in central-east Mexico, near Coxcatln Cave and the Ocampo Caves. Chili Peppers North of Mexico Despite chilis prevalence in southwestern American cuisines, the evidence for early use there is late and very limited. The earliest evidence of chili peppers in the American southwest/northwest Mexico has been identified in Chihuahua state near the site of Casas Grandes, ca AD 1150-1300. A single chili pepper seed was found at Site 315, a medium-sized adobe pueblo ruin in the Rio Casas Grandes Valley about two miles from Casas Grandes. In the same contexta trash pit directly underneath a room floorwas found maize (Zea mays), cultivated beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), cotton seeds (Gossypium hirsutum), prickly pear (Opuntia), goosefoot seeds (Chenopodium), uncultivated Amaranth (Amaranthus) and a possible squash (Cucurbita) rind. Radiocarbon dates on the trash pit are 760 /- 55 years before the present, or approximately AD 1160-1305. Cuisine Effects When introduced into Europe by Columbus, the chili launched a mini-revolution in cuisine; and when those chili-loving Spanish returned and moved into the Southwest, they brought the spicy domesticate with them. Chilies, a large part of central American cuisines for thousands of years, became most common north of Mexico in places where the Spanish colonial courts were most powerful. Unlike the other central American domesticated crops of maize, beans, and squash, chili peppers did not become part of southwestern US/northwestern Mexican cuisine until after Spanish contact. Researchers Minnis and Whalen suggest that the spicy chili pepper may not have fit into local culinary preferences until a large influx of colonists from Mexico and (most importantly) a Spanish colonial government affected local appetites. Even then, chilies were not universally adopted by all southwestern people. Identifying Chili Archaeologically Fruits, seeds and pollen of capsicum have been found in deposits at archaeological sites in the Tehuacan Valley of Mexico beginning about 6000 years ago; at  Huaca Prieta  in the Andean foothills of Peru by ca. 4000 years ago, at  Ceren, El Salvador by 1400 years ago; and in La Tigra, Venezuela by 1000 years ago. Recently, the study of  starch grains, which do preserve well and are identifiable to species, has allowed scientists to peg the domestication of chili peppers to at least 6,100 years ago, in southwestern Ecuador at the sites of Loma Alta and Loma Real. As reported in  Science  in 2007, the earliest discovery of chili pepper starches is from the surfaces of  milling stones  and in cooking vessels as well as in sediment samples, and in conjunction with microfossil evidence of arrowroot, maize, leren, manioc, squash, beans and palms. Sources Brown CH, Clement CR, Epps P, Luedeling E, and Wichmann S. 2013.  The Paleobiolinguistics of Domesticated Chili Pepper (Capsicum   spp.).  Ethnobiology Letters  4:1-11.Clement C, De Cristo-Araà ºjo M, D’Eeckenbrugge GC, Alves Pereira A, and Picanà §o-Rodrigues D. 2010.  Origin and Domestication of Native Amazonian Crops.  Diversity  2(1):72-106.Duncan NA, Pearsall DM, and Benfer J, Robert A. 2009.  Gourd and squash artifacts yield starch grains of feasting foods from preceramic Peru.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences  106(32):13202-13206.Eshbaugh W. 1993. Peppers: History and Exploitation of a Serendipitous New Crop Discovery. pages 132-139. In: J. Janick and J.E. Simon (eds.),  New Crops  Wiley, New York.Hill TA, Ashrafi H, Reyes-Chin-Wo S, Yao J, Stoffel K, Truco M-J, Kozik A, Michelmore RW, and Van Deynze A. 2013.  Characterization of Capsicum annum Genetic Diversity and Population Structure Based on Parallel Polymorphism Discovery with a 30K Unigene Pepper GeneChip.  PLoS ONE  8(2):e56200. Kraft KH, Luna Ruiz JdJ, and Gepts P. 2013. A new collection of wild populations of Capsicum in Mexico and the southern United States.  Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution  60(1):225-232. doi:10.1007/s10722-012-9827-5Kraft KH, Brown CH, Nabhan GP, Luedeling E, Luna Ruiz JdJ, dEeckenbrugge GC, Hijmans RJ, and Gepts P. 2014.  Multiple lines of evidence for the origin of domesticated chili pepper, Capsicum annuum, in Mexico.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences  Early Edition. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1308933111Minnis PE, and Whalen ME. 2010.  The first prehispanic chile (Capsicum) from the U.S. southwest/northwest Mexico and its changing use.  American Antiquity  75(2):245-258.Ortiz R, Delgado de la Flor F, Alvarado G, and Crossa J. 2010. Classifying vegetable genetic resources- A case study with domesticated Capsicum spp.  Scientia Horticulturae  126(2):186-191. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2010.07.007Perry L, Dickau R, Zarrillo S, Holst I, Pearsall DM, Piperno DR, Berman MJ, Cooke RG, Rademaker K, Ranere AJ et al. 2007.  Starch Fossils and the Domestication and Dispersal of Chili Peppers (Capsicum spp. L.) in the Americas.  Science  315:986-988. Pickersgill B. 1969.  The archaeological record of chili peppers (Capsicum spp.)and the sequence of plant domestication in Peru.  American Antiquity  34:54-61.

Can Regulation Of Tobacco Affect Health Care Costs Economics Essay

Can Regulation Of Tobacco Affect Health Care Costs Economics Essay The economic calculations associated with tobacco use are very complicated. For every savings, there are increased costs in other areas. Many productivity costs are subjective, while things like tax revenues are very definitive. These costs can be absorbed by various entities; public, private, and governmental. The tobacco industry has been viewed as the root of many of these costs. This industry has historically been exempt from oversight by any governmental agency, other than taxation. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recently taken charge of overseeing and regulating many tobacco products, including cigarettes. Can the new regulations have any effect on health care costs? Why is tobacco use such a big deal? According to the World Health Organization (WHO), tobacco is the second major cause of death in the world, responsible for one in ten adults and the fourth most common risk factor for disease worldwide (2010). Costs (both public and private) associated with health ca re related to tobacco are astronomical. Productivity is reduced or lost when people are at their prime due to tobacco use. â€Å"A 1994 report estimated that the use of tobacco resulted in an annual global net loss of US$ 200 thousand million, a third of this loss being in developing countries† (World Health, 2010). This paper will look at the costs associated with tobacco use in the United States and the relationship regulation may have on reducing these costs. Compared to the length of time tobacco has been used, the health effects of its use are just recently becoming understood by the general public. Prior to this knowledge, the tobacco companies were free to advertise without any regulation. 1789 saw the first tobacco advertisement in the U.S for snuff. Communication, transportation, and manufacturing constraints of the time prevented any major branding and marketing successes. â€Å"The first strong national tobacco brand didn’t emerge until near the end of the Civil War, when both Union and Confederate soldiers in Durham, North Carolina raided a local farmer’s tobacco crop while waiting for a surrender to be completed. After the war was over, these soldiers began writing to the farmer, Mr. John Green, requesting more; Green went on to establish the successful Bull Durham Tobacco Company.† (Collins & Lapsley, 2010) The cigarette machine was one of the two major innovations that changed the industry and embedded tobacco into the minds of Americans. It was introduced in the 1880s and allowed companies to go from producing 40,000 hand-rolled cigarettes a day to over 4 million. The other major innovation came in the form of advertising. The color lithograph revolutionized advertising and packaging. These factors allowed companies to brand their products, searing them into the fabric of everyday life. Promotions, such as trading cards, were packaged with cigarettes and became collector’s items. World War II came and went wit h millions of soldiers and sailors addicted to nicotine courtesy of free cigarettes issued along with meals. Marketing remained pretty much unregulated throughout the 1950s. Advertisements promoted how healthy it was to smoke and how doctors (whom the public trusted) recommend one brand over another. Sponsorship of television shows, like The Flintstones and Gunsmoke, propelled cigarette smoking into a normal and expected part of life. â€Å"For tobacco companies, it was the Golden Age: cigarette ads featured endorsements from dentists, doctors, babies and even Yankees slugger Mickey Mantle† (Collins & Lapsley, 2010).

Submit short report that assembles the teams final results for Essay

Submit short report that assembles the teams final results for tackling a problem or creating a solution to the project - Essay Example It is affordable to all patients and readily available as the system is flexible, can move from one place to another. Congestion in hospitals by patients with fatal chronical diseases need to be at lower levels by administering health programs via PHM systems. It helps hospitals deliver a variety of health services to a greater population resulting in improvement in health conditions. A nation with improvement in health sectors obtains tremendous benefits like it readily consist of healthy individuals to provide labor. Improves country’s productivity reduces death rates to significant levels and provides the country with the chance of having innovation and creativity as well. The PHM project requires electronically intensive equipments making use of decision support systems. This reduces the manual work fatigue to medical staff if they are to perform the work, therefore; there is a reduction in workload of the medical staff. However, the system contains errors that would result in wrong medical description or diagnosis to the patients. The problems are in two classifications the system error and human errors. The system errors include the syntax and logical anomalies, which may be due to system malfunction. The errors can be because of overloading the systems or as well as unexpected errors, which would require repetition of the ongoing process to get the correct results. The human errors serve as the main setback towards achieving the set objectives of the program. The set objectives being, provision of sufficient medical attention to patients with chronic diseases. It is unfortunate and ironic that human beings have the audacity to be the factor that the project fails to be 100% successful. The significant human errors includes Although patients include false information in order to get medical treatment, it is unfortunate as there would be wrong results that can cause serious problems for both the p[patient and