Can Regulation Of Tobacco Affect Health Care Costs Economics Essay

Can Regulation Of Tobacco Affect Health Care Costs Economics Essay The economic calculations associated with tobacco use are very complicated. For every savings, there are increased costs in other areas. Many productivity costs are subjective, while things like tax revenues are very definitive. These costs can be absorbed by various entities; public, private, and governmental. The tobacco industry has been viewed as the root of many of these costs. This industry has historically been exempt from oversight by any governmental agency, other than taxation. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recently taken charge of overseeing and regulating many tobacco products, including cigarettes. Can the new regulations have any effect on health care costs? Why is tobacco use such a big deal? According to the World Health Organization (WHO), tobacco is the second major cause of death in the world, responsible for one in ten adults and the fourth most common risk factor for disease worldwide (2010). Costs (both public and private) associated with health ca re related to tobacco are astronomical. Productivity is reduced or lost when people are at their prime due to tobacco use. â€Å"A 1994 report estimated that the use of tobacco resulted in an annual global net loss of US$ 200 thousand million, a third of this loss being in developing countries† (World Health, 2010). This paper will look at the costs associated with tobacco use in the United States and the relationship regulation may have on reducing these costs. Compared to the length of time tobacco has been used, the health effects of its use are just recently becoming understood by the general public. Prior to this knowledge, the tobacco companies were free to advertise without any regulation. 1789 saw the first tobacco advertisement in the U.S for snuff. Communication, transportation, and manufacturing constraints of the time prevented any major branding and marketing successes. â€Å"The first strong national tobacco brand didn’t emerge until near the end of the Civil War, when both Union and Confederate soldiers in Durham, North Carolina raided a local farmer’s tobacco crop while waiting for a surrender to be completed. After the war was over, these soldiers began writing to the farmer, Mr. John Green, requesting more; Green went on to establish the successful Bull Durham Tobacco Company.† (Collins & Lapsley, 2010) The cigarette machine was one of the two major innovations that changed the industry and embedded tobacco into the minds of Americans. It was introduced in the 1880s and allowed companies to go from producing 40,000 hand-rolled cigarettes a day to over 4 million. The other major innovation came in the form of advertising. The color lithograph revolutionized advertising and packaging. These factors allowed companies to brand their products, searing them into the fabric of everyday life. Promotions, such as trading cards, were packaged with cigarettes and became collector’s items. World War II came and went wit h millions of soldiers and sailors addicted to nicotine courtesy of free cigarettes issued along with meals. Marketing remained pretty much unregulated throughout the 1950s. Advertisements promoted how healthy it was to smoke and how doctors (whom the public trusted) recommend one brand over another. Sponsorship of television shows, like The Flintstones and Gunsmoke, propelled cigarette smoking into a normal and expected part of life. â€Å"For tobacco companies, it was the Golden Age: cigarette ads featured endorsements from dentists, doctors, babies and even Yankees slugger Mickey Mantle† (Collins & Lapsley, 2010).

Submit short report that assembles the teams final results for Essay

Submit short report that assembles the teams final results for tackling a problem or creating a solution to the project - Essay Example It is affordable to all patients and readily available as the system is flexible, can move from one place to another. Congestion in hospitals by patients with fatal chronical diseases need to be at lower levels by administering health programs via PHM systems. It helps hospitals deliver a variety of health services to a greater population resulting in improvement in health conditions. A nation with improvement in health sectors obtains tremendous benefits like it readily consist of healthy individuals to provide labor. Improves country’s productivity reduces death rates to significant levels and provides the country with the chance of having innovation and creativity as well. The PHM project requires electronically intensive equipments making use of decision support systems. This reduces the manual work fatigue to medical staff if they are to perform the work, therefore; there is a reduction in workload of the medical staff. However, the system contains errors that would result in wrong medical description or diagnosis to the patients. The problems are in two classifications the system error and human errors. The system errors include the syntax and logical anomalies, which may be due to system malfunction. The errors can be because of overloading the systems or as well as unexpected errors, which would require repetition of the ongoing process to get the correct results. The human errors serve as the main setback towards achieving the set objectives of the program. The set objectives being, provision of sufficient medical attention to patients with chronic diseases. It is unfortunate and ironic that human beings have the audacity to be the factor that the project fails to be 100% successful. The significant human errors includes Although patients include false information in order to get medical treatment, it is unfortunate as there would be wrong results that can cause serious problems for both the p[patient and

Environmental web portal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Environmental web portal - Essay Example An environmental web portal can serve as scientific as well as educational purposes for the community that uses its information. It provides a platform whereby resources, information, and experts in environmental science can converge and exchange ideas.Moreover,it will create an online opportunity for researchers to further their fieldwork and establish a bridge between class work and field work The web portal is aimed at enriching its information through accepting contributions from people visiting the site like the inclusion of a video blog, data collection, equipment operation and different observations from site visitors (Popovic, Lindic, Stemberger and Jaklic, 2005). The portal will form a basis of scientific research and verification of data through engaging in discussions and other activities that enhance environmental awareness. Environmental Web Portals host research, lesson plans, and online coursework, monitor student outcomes, and satisfy the reporting standards established. The environmental science projects require people to establish common grounds through which they can share knowledge and join efforts to solve environmental problems. The areas of interest include pressures of urbanization, information management and ensuring information accessibility to both the research hers and to those visiting the web portal.The environmental web portal will enhance both live and recorded online presentations of data and will enable visitors to understand how field equipment and other equipments are used in the process of data collection and analysis. In addition, the environmental portal will have a clear indication of the research funded by the government, its achievements and challenges. A clear description of the investment in people, the equipment to be used and the relevance of the research and how it is bound to affect people’s lives will be highlighted. Through the environmental analysis, the portal can be developed using basic technologies and helps in the achievement of tasks like development of online communities, administrators and environmental experts. Properly designed portals can act as effective communication tools that can enhance adoption of best practices in the environmental conservation campaigns. Availability of the environmental documentaries online enables constant updating on the latest research findings like discovery of new species, those facing extinction and effects of climatic change on the survival of organisms. According to Popovic, Lindic, Stemberger and Jaklic (2005), rapid technological and environmental changes pose new challenges to researchers and environmentalists that have been tasked with the responsibility of explaining the changes and recommending the desired course of action. The government aims at building an environmental research infrastructure to necessitate the adoption of environmental research data management. The Atlas of Living Australia (ALA) and the Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) were structured by the government and given the responsibility to initiate an environmental monitoring network. The Institute of Sustainable Resources (IRS) received funding from the Grains Research Development Corporation